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Subject Expert |
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Dr. Kanwaljit Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Gurmat Sangeet,
Punjabi University,Patiala.
Dr. Varinder Kaur
Assistant Professor
Department of Gurmat Sangeet,
Punjabi University, Patiala. |
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Sangeet |
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Shastari Sangeet |
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Music based on classical Scriptures. |
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Explanation
Explanation: An Indian classical music tradition based on grammar of ancient Indian music, which follows the Indian Classical scriptures. |
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Indian Music |
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A complete music tradition sung and played in India, a country of Asian sub continent. |
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Explanation
It comprises of classical music which is based on musicology (Sangeet Shaster) developed by Indian musicologists. Regional folk music and all other streams of music are integral part of this tradition. Now days, Indian music has two systems of music i.e. Hindustani music tradition (North Indian Music) and Carnatic music tradition (South Indian music). |
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Carnatic Sangeet |
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Music tradition prevalent in Madras, Karnataka, Mysore and Andhra Pradesh |
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Explanation
The music lore prevalent in the southern parts of India, including Madras, Mysore, Andhra Pradesh is called Carnatic or southern music |
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Folk Music |
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Traditional music transmitted orally, generations to generation |
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Explanation
Traditional music transmitted mouth to mouth and performed by custom over a long period of time. |
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Sufi Sangeet |
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Devotional music of Sufi traditional. |
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Explanation
A music tradition prevalent in Sufism for the singing of devotional poetry of Islamic mystic Sufi saints, i.e. Kafi, Quali etc. |
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Naad |
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A special musically applicable sound |
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Explanation
We hear a lot of sounds in our surroundings. The irregular sounds take the form of noise, but the pleasant, stable and musically useful sounds in original form are called Naad. |
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Sur |
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Musically useful melodic sound. |
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Explanation
A regular, melodic, stable, identical natural is called Sur. Indian musicians have based the principle of Seven natural (Shudha Sur) notes. |
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Shudh Sur |
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Natural notes of a Saptak (the group of seven notes) |
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Explanation
In Indian music tradition, there are 22 musically useful microtones known as Saptak. There are seven natural notes in a Saptak, audible to natural ears. |
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Komal Sur |
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Flattened and displaced notes of Indian Saptak |
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Explanation
In Indian music tradition, there are seven Shudh Sur (natural notes) in a Saptak Four flattened notes from the Indian Saptak are called Komal Sure.g. r, g, d, n. |
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Tivar Sur |
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A music note of Indian music scale, sharpened and displaced from its natural place. |
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Explanation
In Indian music tradition, there are seven Shudh Sur (natural notes) in a Saptak. One sharpened note is called Tivar Sur e.g. the Tivar madhiam, of Indian musical Saptak. |
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Saptak |
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A group of seven basic notes of Indian scale e.g. Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni. |
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Explanation
In Indian music tradition, the group of seven notes is called Saptak. These notes are arranged as Sharhaja (Sa), Rishabh (Re), Gandhaar (Ga), Madhiam (Ma), Pancham (Pa), Dhaiwat (Dha), NIshada (Ni). |
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Mandar Saptak |
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Lower the the standard middle Saptak. |
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Explanation
The natural scale or Saptak in the vocal or instrumental tone is called Madh Saptak. The lower of standard middle Saptak is known as Mandar Saptak.
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Madh Saptak |
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Standard middle Saptak of Indian music scale for singing and playing. |
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Explanation
A saptak sung or played in a normal tone is called Madh Saptak. |
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Tar Saptak |
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Higher than the standard middle Saptak |
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Explanation
The natural Saptak in the vocal or instrumental tone called Madh Saptak. The higher Saptak of middle Saptak is Tar Saptak.
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Thaat |
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Raag |
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A definite melodic arrangement of notes, capable to enchant the human mind and the emotions. |
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Explanation
A definite melodic arrangement of notes capable to enchant the human mind and stir the emotions. Indian classical music is completely based on these Raags. Medieval devotional poetry has also been composed in these traditional Raags. Medieval devotional poetry has also been composed in these traditional Raag systems. The Sikh scripture Sri Guru Granth Sahib has been compiled in 31 Raags and 31 Raag forms. The name of the Raags are Siree, Maajh, Gaurhi, Aasaa etc. and Raags forms are Gaurhi Majh, Gaurhi Cheti, Aasaavari etc. |
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Aaroh |
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Ascending order of notes |
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Explanation
The movement of the notes from lower to higher notes is ascending is known as Aroh in Indian music tradition. Singing or playing from Madh Saptak to Tar Saptak is called Aroh. |
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Avroh |
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Descending order of notes |
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Explanation
The movement of the notes from higher to lower notes i.e. descending is known as Avroh in Indian music tradition. Singing or playing from Tar Saptak to Madh Saptak is Avroh. |
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Shaan |
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An instrumental presentation in the beginning of Kirtan Chauki in Gurmat Sangeet tradition. |
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Explanation
In Gurmat Sangeet tradition an instrumental recital based on the first raag to be used in a Kirtan Chauki is called Shaan. Shaan displays artistic skills of Kirtani Jatha. The significance of this part is that it gives an indication to the audience about the beginging of the Kirtan. |
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Shabad |
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1. The divine word
2. A bani composition to be sung in Kirtan. |
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Explanation
The divine words scripted there in Shri Guru Granth Sahib jee are known as shabad. A conposition to be sung in Gurnat Sangeet tradition is also known as shabad. |
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Ank |
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A digital indication of verses (pade) in Shabad Kirtan compositions e.g. 1, 2, 3 etc |
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Explanation
An indicative digits scripted at the end of the various couplets of Gurbani evident from Shri Guru Granth Sahib.
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Aasa Mehlaa 1 |
aakhaa jeevaa visrai mar jaa-o. aakhan a-ukhaa saachaa naa-o.
saachay naam kee laagai bhookh. ut bhookhai khaa-ay chalee-ahi dookh. ||1||
so ki-o visrai mayree maa-ay. saachaa saahib saachai naa-ay. ||1|| rahaa-o.
saachay naam kee til vadi-aa-ee. aakh thakay keemat nahee paa-ee.
jay sabh mil kai aakhan paahi. vadaa na hovai ghaat na jaa-ay. ||2||
naa oh marai na hovai sog. daydaa rahai na chookai bhog.
gun ayho hor naahee ko-ay. naa ko ho-aa naa ko ho-ay. ||3||
jayvad aap tayvad tayree daat. jin din kar kai keetee raat.
khasam visaareh tay kamjaat. naanak naavai baajh sanaat. ||4||3|| |
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Rahao |
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An indication in the Shabad composition of Guru Granth Sahib reflecting the central idea and acts as refrain (Sthai). |
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Explanation
An indicative phrase scripted at the end of the coupled containing the central Idea of a shabad. |
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Aasa Mehlaa 1 |
aakhaa jeevaa visrai mar jaa-o. aakhan a-ukhaa saachaa naa-o.
saachay naam kee laagai bhookh. ut bhookhai khaa-ay chalee-ahi dookh. ||1||
so ki-o visrai mayree maa-ay. saachaa saahib saachai naa-ay. ||1|| raha-o.
saachay naam kee til vadi-aa-ee. aakh thakay keemat nahee paa-ee.
jay sabh mil kai aakhan paahi. vadaa na hovai ghaat na jaa-ay. ||2||
naa oh marai na hovai sog. daydaa rahai na chookai bhog.
gun ayho hor naahee ko-ay. naa ko ho-aa naa ko ho-ay. ||3||
jayvad aap tayvad tayree daat. jin din kar kai keetee raat.
khasam visaareh tay kamjaat. naanak naavai baajh sanaat. ||4||3|| |
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Laia |
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Tempo or a constant speed of beats |
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Explanation
Laia is an application of tala, which limits the constant intervals between different beat of a tala. |
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Taal |
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A fix rhythmic pattern or cycle of beats used as a unit to measure the time being used in a Indian music presentations. |
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Explanation
Taalis a rhythmic phrase or pattern based on a set of syllables having identical beats and playing style. |
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Theka |
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A set of various mnemonic representations (rhythmic patterns) used as a groove to accompany a Indian music presentation. |
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Explanation
A set of predefined syllables (Varanas) of percussions instrument and played to accompany a musical presentation. |
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Matra |
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The minimal unit of taala used to measure the time being used in a musical presentation. |
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Explanation
The smallest unit of a taala is Matra. It is the pulse of laia of taal. The number of matras and the syllables (Bols) assigned to each of these form the shape and structure of a taal. |
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Teentaal |
X
1 2 3 4 |
2
5 6 7 8 |
0
9 10 11 12 |
3
13 14 15 16 |
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Vibhag |
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A unit of tala in Indian musc tradition. |
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Explanation
Sub division of a taal comprising some of the beats being used. In the tradition of Indian music every taal is having at least two . The number of Vibhaagsmay go upto the number of beats being used in a particular taal. |
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First Vibhag |
X
1 2 3 4
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Second Vibhag |
2
5 6 7 8
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Third Vibhag |
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9 10 11 12
Dha Tin Tin Ta |
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Fourth Vibhag |
3
13 14 15 16
Ta Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Vibhag of Teentaal |
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1 2 3 4
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
2
5 6 7 8
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
0
9 10 11 12
Dha Tin Tin Ta |
3
13 14 15 16
Ta Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Sam |
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First beat of taala in Indian music |
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Explanation
The first beat of the rhythmic cycle being used in Indian music is known as Sam. It is used as a point of resolution in a music presentation. The Sam may be improvised pre or past beat points. It is always performed with a clap. |
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X
1 2 3 4
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Tali |
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First beat of a vibhag of Indian taal being represented with a clap |
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Explanation
A taal can be divided in some small units known as vibhaags. The first beat of a Vibhaag which is represented with a clap. |
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X
1 2 3 4
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
2
5 6 7 8
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
0
9 10 11 12
Dha Tin Tin Ta |
3
13 14 15 16
Ta Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Khali |
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First beat of a vibhag of Indian taal being represented with soundless motion of hand. |
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Explanation
A taal can be divided in some small units known as vibhaags. The first beat of a Vibhaag which is represente with soundless motions of hand.
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X
1 2 3 4
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
2
5 6 7 8
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
0
9 10 11 12
Dha Tin Tin Ta |
3
13 14 15 16
Ta Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Avartan |
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A full rhythmic circle of an Indian taal. |
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Explanation
A cycle fixed beats, composed to measure the time being spent in a music presentation in Indian music is called Avartan. In playing mode it is a set of prescribed alphabets or syllables of an percussion instrument.
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X
1 2 3 4
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
2
5 6 7 8
Dha Dhin Dhin Dha |
0
9 10 11 12
Dha Tin Tin Ta |
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13 14 15 16
Ta Dhin Dhin Dha |
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Tihai |
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A phrase of music notes or poetry used thrice consecutively to reach the first beat of a taal or a prefixed point of the taal circle. |
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Explanation
In Indian music there is tradition of vocal, instrument playing and dance to use a phrase their consecutively to reach a particular point of a taal or Sam, the first beat of the taal. The Sargam, poetic piece, steps of dance or a group of playing strokes used thrice in a series is called Tihai.
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1. Hindustani Sangeet is know by which name?
I. Dakhni Sangeet II. Lok sangeet
III. Uttari Sangeet IV. Film Sangeet
2. Karnatki Sangeet is known by which Name ?
I. Lok Sangeet II. Uttari Sangeet
III. Dakhni Sangeet IV. Film Sangeet
3. Sufi Sangeet Comes into which category.
I. Political II. Religious
III. Cultural IV. Entertainment
4. There are how many types of Naad ?
I. Ten II. Two
III. Five IV. Fifteen
5. Hindustani Sangeet is based on how many swaras?
I. Ten II. Twenty
III. Seventeen IV. Twelve
6. Which Swar is known as Tivar swar in Hindustani musical scale ?
I. Pancham II. Rishabh
III. Madhyam IV. Dhaiwat
7. Which swaras are known as Achal swaras in Hindustani musical scale ?
I. Gandhar and Nishad II. Madhyam and Gandhar
III. Sharaj and Pancham IV.All the swaras
8. There are how many Thaats in Hindustani Sangeet Padhati
I. Fourteen II. Ten
III. Fifty IV. Five
9. Which Thaat consists of all the shudh swaras in Hindustani Sangeet Padhati ?
I. Todi II. Bhairav
III. Khamaj IV. Bilawal
10. Which Thaat consists of Madhyam tivar in Hindustani sangeet Padhati ?
I. Bilawal II. Bhairav
III. Bhairvai IV. Kalyan
11. What is the Descending order of Notes called ?
I Thaat II Avroh
III Saptak IV Raag
12. What is Theka ?
I. Sargam II. Syllables of taal
III. Alap IV.None of above
13 What is Matra ?
I. Minimal unit of measurement of time
II. One note of raga
IIII. Rag Prakars
IV. Sur
14. What is Sam ?
I. first beat of a tala II. An omitted note in a raga
III. first beat of vibhag IV. None of above
15. What is Avartan ?
I. One circle of a tala II. Main alap
III. An instrument IV. None of above |
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1. III 2. III 3. II 4. II 5. IV 6. III 7. III 8. II 9. IV 10. IV
11. II 12. II 13. I 14. I 15. I |
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1. Dictionary of Music, Eric Blom, Bhartiya Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 2007
2. Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Music, Vol 1-2, Ashish Pandey (Edi.), Isha Books, Delhi, 2005.
3. Gurmat Sangeet Terminolgy, Gurnam Singh (Dr.), (Chief Edi.), Pujnabi University, Patiala. 2012
4. The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Music of India, Vol I-III, Late Pt. Nikhil Ghosh (Chief Edi.), Oxford University press, New York, 2011.
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